The NBA said in a release that the incident occurred some 40 minutes after the Kings' 125-101 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers on December 28 at Crypto.com Arena.
There, the league said, "Schroder sought out the player in an arena hallway and initiated the confrontation."
The league didn't identify the opposing player, but multiple US media outlets reported it was Luka Doncic, who had exchanged heated words with Schroder during the game.
Germany's Schroder will begin serving his suspension on Sunday when the Kings host the Houston Rockets. He will also miss a rematch with the Lakers and a game against the New York Kicks.
Schroder, 32, is averaging 13.0 points, 5.7 assists and 3.3 rebounds in 31 games this season.